Women activists in Morocco, for example, mobilized a combination of Islamic and secular feminism in pushing for the reform of the Muslim Family Law or Mudawwana. It was not long before secular feminists accessed Islamic feminist arguments to strengthen their long-fought and exceedingly frustrating campaigns to reform Muslim personal status codes and in making demands in other areas when Islam was given as a pretext for withholding rights. Secular feminisms erupted on the scene as nation-based social movementsin Muslim contexts whereas Islamic feminism surfaced in the form of a discourse in the global arena. Islamic feminism, which appeared in the late 20 th century, grounded the idea of gender equality and gender justice in the Qur’an and other religious sources. Can you elaborate on these differences?Ī: When secular feminism first emerged in sevral Muslim communities early in the 20 th century it articulated women’s rights and gender equality in a composite discourse interweaving of nationalist, Islamic modernist, and humanitarian arguments, and later drew upon human rights and democracy arguments. Q: One way to understand Islamic feminism is to know how it differs from secular Muslim feminism about which you have written quite extensively.

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